Register Automata with Linear Arithmetic

register automata, linear arithmetic, invariant problem, reachability, equivalence, affine programs, rational numbers

We propose a novel automata model over the alphabet of rational numbers, which we call register automata over the rationals (RAq). It reads a sequence of rational numbers and outputs another rational number. RAq is an extension of the well-known register automata (RA) over infinite alphabets, which are finite automata equipped with a finite number of registers/variables for storing values. Like in the standard RA, the RAq model allows both equality and ordering tests between values. It, moreover, allows to perform linear arithmetic between certain variables. The model is quite expressive: in addition to the standard RA, it also generalizes other well-known models such as affine programs and arithmetic circuits. The main feature of RA Q is that despite the use of linear arithmetic, the so-called invariant problem-a generalization of the standard non-emptiness problem-is decidable. We also investigate other natural decision problems, namely, commutativity, equivalence, and reachability. For deterministic RA Q , commutativity and equivalence are polynomial-time inter-reducible with the invariant problem.